7. System software and Compilers.
Assembly language fundamentals (8085 and 8088 based assembly language programming).
Assemblers - 2-pass and single-pass. Macros and macro processors.
Loading, linking, relocation, program relocatability. Linkage editing.
Text editors, Programming Environments. Debuggers and program generators.
Compilation and Interpretation. Bootstrapping. Phases of compilation. Lexical analysis. LEX.
Context free grammars. Parsing and parse trees. Representation of parse trees and rightmost and
leftmost derivations, Bottom up parsers - shift-reduce. operator precedence and LR. YACC.
Top down parsers - left recursion and its removal. Recursive descent parser. Predictive parser.
Intermediate codes - Quadruples, Triples. Indirect Triples. Intermediate code generation, Code
generation, Code optimization.
8. Operating Systems
Main functions of operating systems. Multiprogramming, multiprocessing and multitasking.
Memory management ; Virtual memory, paging, fragmentation.
Concurrent processing : Mutual exclusion. Critical regions, lock and unlock.
Scheduling : CPU scheduling. I /O Scheduling. Resource scheduling. Deadlock and scheduling
algorithms. Banker's algorithm for deadlock handling.
The Unix system : File system, process management. Bourne shell, shell variables, command line
programming.
Systems Calls : Creat, open, close, read, write. Iseek, link, unlink, stat, fstat, umask, chmod, exec,
fork, wait, system.
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